Almost all messengers interact with cell surface receptors, but there exist exceptions. For example, steroid hormones interact with intracellular (nuclear) receptors. This response is due to the interaction between a ligand (messenger) and a specific receptor to that ligand. When the cell undergoes stimulation by a messenger molecule, it elicits a cellular response. There are also intracellular receptors that interact with lipophilic molecules that diffuse through the lipid membrane in both directions without the help of transport proteins.Įxamples of cellular messengers are : Most cellular messengers exert their effect through the interaction with a specific receptor coupled to the lipid membrane. The interaction between a messenger molecule and the target cell is just the beginning of a complex cascade of events that happens intracellularly. These behaviors include regulating physiologic processes such as metabolism, transport, motility, division, and growth. Juxtacrine signaling is a form of cell communication by direct contact. All these signals influence the behavior of the effector cells. Autocrine pathway functions by the secretion and reception of a messenger molecule by a single cell. The signaling molecule can travel in the blood and bind to the receptor on the effector cell. In contrast, endocrine signaling involves the secretion of a molecule by one cell into the bloodstream. The signaling molecule may never enter the bloodstream. Paracrine signaling is a mechanism in which one cell secretes a molecule that acts on a second cell in close proximity. Cells in the human body are highly specialized, and they use various signaling mechanisms to perform different functions. Cellular communication is a complex process involving various biochemical steps and many different messenger molecules between cells and organs.
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